| <head> |
| <title>eqn(1) - Plan 9 from User Space</title> |
| <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type> |
| </head> |
| <body bgcolor=#ffffff> |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%> |
| <tr height=10><td> |
| <tr><td width=20><td> |
| <tr><td width=20><td><b>EQN(1)</b><td align=right><b>EQN(1)</b> |
| <tr><td width=20><td colspan=2> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| delim $$<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>NAME </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| eqn – typeset mathematics<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>SYNOPSIS </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>eqn</font></tt> [ <i>option ...</i> ] [ <i>file ...</i> ]<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>DESCRIPTION </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <i>Eqn</i> is a <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a> preprocessor for typesetting mathematics on |
| a typesetter. Usage is almost always<br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>eqn file ... | troff |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| </font></tt> |
| |
| </table> |
| If no files are specified, <i>eqn</i> reads from the standard input. |
| <i>Eqn</i> prepares output for the typesetter named in the <tt><font size=+1>−T</font></tt><i>dest</i> option |
| (default <tt><font size=+1>−Tutf</font></tt>; see <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a>). When run with other preprocessor |
| filters, <i>eqn</i> usually comes last. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| A line beginning with <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> marks the start of an equation; the |
| end of an equation is marked by a line beginning with <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt>. Neither |
| of these lines is altered, so they may be defined in macro packages |
| to get centering, numbering, etc. It is also possible to set two |
| characters as ‘delimiters’; text between delimiters is also |
| <i>eqn</i> input. Delimiters may be set to characters <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> with the |
| option <tt><font size=+1>−d</font></tt><i>xy</i> or (more commonly) with <tt><font size=+1>delim</font></tt> <i>xy</i> between <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt>. |
| Left and right delimiters may be identical. (They are customarily |
| taken to be $font L "$$" )$. Delimiters are turned off by <tt><font size=+1>delim |
| off</font></tt>. All text that is neither between delimiters |
| nor between <tt><font size=+1>.EQ</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>.EN</font></tt> is passed through untouched. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Tokens within <i>eqn</i> are separated by spaces, tabs, newlines, braces, |
| double quotes, tildes or circumflexes. Braces {} are used for |
| grouping; generally speaking, anywhere a single character like |
| <tt><font size=+1>x</font></tt> could appear, a complicated construction enclosed in braces |
| may be used instead. Tilde <tt><font size=+1>~</font></tt> represents a full space in the |
| output, circumflex <tt><font size=+1>^</font></tt> half as much. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Subscripts and superscripts are produced with the keywords <tt><font size=+1>sub</font></tt> |
| and <tt><font size=+1>sup</font></tt>. Thus <tt><font size=+1>x sub i</font></tt> makes $x sub i$, <tt><font size=+1>a sub i sup 2</font></tt> produces |
| $a sub i sup 2$, and <tt><font size=+1>e sup {x sup 2 + y sup 2}</font></tt> gives $e sup {x |
| sup 2 + y sup 2}$. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>Over</font></tt> makes fractions: <tt><font size=+1>a over b</font></tt> yields $a over b$. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>Sqrt</font></tt> produces square roots: <tt><font size=+1>1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}</font></tt> results |
| in $1 over sqrt {ax sup 2 +bx+c}$ . |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| The keywords <tt><font size=+1>from</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>to</font></tt> introduce lower and upper limits on arbitrary |
| things: $lim from {n -> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i$ is made with |
| <tt><font size=+1>lim from {n −> inf} sum from 0 to n x sub i</font></tt>. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Left and right brackets, braces, etc., of the right height are |
| made with <tt><font size=+1>left</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha |
| right ] ~=~1</font></tt> produces $left [ x sup 2 + y sup 2 over alpha right |
| ] ~=~1$. The <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> clause is optional. Legal characters after |
| <tt><font size=+1>left</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>right</font></tt> are braces, brackets, |
| bars, <tt><font size=+1>c</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>f</font></tt> for ceiling and floor, and <tt><font size=+1>""</font></tt> for nothing at all (useful |
| for a right-side-only bracket). |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Vertical piles of things are made with <tt><font size=+1>pile</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>lpile</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>cpile</font></tt>, and |
| <tt><font size=+1>rpile</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>pile {a above b above c}</font></tt> produces $pile {a above b above |
| c}$. There can be an arbitrary number of elements in a pile. <tt><font size=+1>lpile</font></tt> |
| left-justifies, <tt><font size=+1>pile</font></tt> and <tt><font size=+1>cpile</font></tt> center, with different vertical |
| spacing, and <tt><font size=+1>rpile</font></tt> right justifies. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Matrices are made with <tt><font size=+1>matrix</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>matrix { lcol { x sub i above y |
| sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }</font></tt> produces $matrix { lcol { x sub i |
| above y sub 2 } ccol { 1 above 2 } }$. In addition, there is <tt><font size=+1>rcol</font></tt> |
| for a right-justified column. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Diacritical marks are made with <tt><font size=+1>prime</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dot</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dotdot</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>hat</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>tilde</font></tt>, |
| <tt><font size=+1>bar</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>under</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>vec</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>dyad</font></tt>, and <tt><font size=+1>under</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar |
| + g(t) under</font></tt> is $x sub 0 sup prime = f(t) bar + g(t) under$, and |
| <tt><font size=+1>x vec = y dyad</font></tt> is $x vec = y dyad$. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Sizes and fonts can be changed with prefix operators <tt><font size=+1>size</font></tt> <i>n</i>, <tt><font size=+1>size |
| ±</font></tt><i>n</i>, <tt><font size=+1>fat</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>roman</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>italic</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>bold</font></tt>, or <tt><font size=+1>font</font></tt> <i>n</i>. Size and fonts can be |
| changed globally in a document by <tt><font size=+1>gsize</font></tt> <i>n</i> and <tt><font size=+1>gfont</font></tt> <i>n</i>, or by the |
| command-line arguments <tt><font size=+1>−s</font></tt><i>n</i> and <tt><font size=+1>−f</font></tt><i>n</i>. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Normally subscripts and superscripts are reduced by 3 point sizes |
| from the previous size; this may be changed by the command-line |
| argument <tt><font size=+1>−p</font></tt><i>n</i>. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Successive display arguments can be lined up. Place <tt><font size=+1>mark</font></tt> before |
| the desired lineup point in the first equation; place <tt><font size=+1>lineup</font></tt> at |
| the place that is to line up vertically in subsequent equations. |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Shorthands may be defined or existing keywords redefined with |
| <tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt>: <tt><font size=+1>define</font></tt> <i>thing</i> <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> <i>replacement</i> <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> defines a new token called |
| <i>thing</i> which will be replaced by <i>replacement</i> whenever it appears |
| thereafter. The <tt><font size=+1>%</font></tt> may be any character that does not occur in |
| <tt><font size=+1>replacement</font></tt>. |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=5><td></table> |
| |
| Keywords like <tt><font size=+1>sum</font></tt> ( sum ), <tt><font size=+1>int</font></tt> ( int ), <tt><font size=+1>inf</font></tt> ( inf ), and shorthands |
| like <tt><font size=+1>>=</font></tt> (>=), <tt><font size=+1>−></font></tt> (->), and <tt><font size=+1>!=</font></tt> ( != ) are recognized. Greek letters |
| are spelled out in the desired case, as in <tt><font size=+1>alpha</font></tt> or <tt><font size=+1>GAMMA</font></tt>. Mathematical |
| words like <tt><font size=+1>sin</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>cos</font></tt>, <tt><font size=+1>log</font></tt> are made Roman automatically. <a href="../man1/Troff.html"><i>Troff</i>(1)</a> |
| four-character escapes like <tt><font size=+1>\(lh</font></tt> (<=) can |
| be used anywhere. Strings enclosed in double quotes " " are passed |
| through untouched; this permits keywords to be entered as text, |
| and can be used to communicate with <i>troff</i> when all else fails.<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>FILES </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>/sys/lib/troff/font/devutf</font></tt> font descriptions for PostScript<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>SOURCE </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <tt><font size=+1>/usr/local/plan9/src/cmd/eqn<br> |
| </font></tt> |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>SEE ALSO </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| <a href="../man1/troff.html"><i>troff</i>(1)</a>, <a href="../man1/tbl.html"><i>tbl</i>(1)</a><br> |
| J. F. Ossanna and B. W. Kernighan, “Troff User’s Manual”.<br> |
| B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry, “Typesetting Mathematics--User’s |
| Guide”, <i>Unix Research System Programmer’s Manual,</i> Tenth Edition, |
| Volume 2.<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| <p><font size=+1><b>BUGS </b></font><br> |
| |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr height=2><td><tr><td width=20><td> |
| |
| To embolden digits, parens, etc., it is necessary to quote them, |
| as in <tt><font size=+1>bold "12.3"</font></tt>. delim off<br> |
| |
| </table> |
| |
| <td width=20> |
| <tr height=20><td> |
| </table> |
| <!-- TRAILER --> |
| <table border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%> |
| <tr height=15><td width=10><td><td width=10> |
| <tr><td><td> |
| <center> |
| <a href="../../"><img src="../../dist/spaceglenda100.png" alt="Space Glenda" border=1></a> |
| </center> |
| </table> |
| <!-- TRAILER --> |
| </body></html> |
